Video rotation system and method

ABSTRACT

A video recording device is described having an orientation sensor. The recording device rotates video data received from an image sensor according to signals received from the orientation sensor. The rotation occurs before the video data is compressed according to a video codec and stored on a tangible storage device. By rotating the video data before compression, the need for intensive, post-capture video rotation on the compressed video file is eliminated.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present application relates to the field of video recording devices.More particularly, the described embodiments relate to a video recordingsystem having an orientation sensor, wherein the video data receivedfrom an image sensor is rotated according to the orientation sensorprior to recording the video data as a digital video file.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of the major components of a first embodimentof the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the major components of a secondembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a video file saved by the presentinvention showing rotation between frames of a single video file.

FIG. 4 is a flow chart showing a process used to implement an exemplaryembodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows the primary internal components of a video capture device100 utilizing a first embodiment of the present invention. The device100 may be a dedicated video camera that performs no other functions.Alternatively, the device 100 may be a multi-purpose device, such as astill camera that also is able to capture video data. Multi-purposedevices may also include non-image related functionality, such as avarious smart phone that allows cellular phone connections, provides GPSmapping functions, and accesses Internet data as well as captures stilland video images. These additional functionalities are implementedthrough a variety of components and circuitry that are not set forth inFIG. 1 as they are not directly relevant to the capture of video files.

The video capture device 100 records video images by receiving lightthat is passing through a lens 110 at an image sensor module 120. Thelight sensitive portion of the chip 120 is the image sensor 130. Theimage sensor 130 is responsible for converting photons received throughthe lens 110 into an electrical signal. The image sensor 130 may bebased on well known CCD or CMOS technology. Alternative image sensortechnologies, whether existing or developed in the future, could also beimplemented in the video capture device 100.

In most implementations, the electrical signals received from the imagesensor 130 are converted into digital data and amplified. With CCDsensors, for instance, individual photons falling on a pixel of theimage sensor increases the voltage stored at that pixel. To create animage from these voltages, the voltages at each pixel must be read,digitized, and amplified, which is accomplished by analog to digitalconverter component 140. The digital signals from the converter 140 arestored in an image or video buffer 150. The image sensor 130, converter140, and buffer memory 150 are frequently manufactured together on asingle card or chip 120. Manufacturers of cameras and other videodevices 100 can select an appropriate chip 120 that meets their desiredspecification from a third party manufacturer, and then customize theirdevice 100 by concentrating on the other components of the device 100.

The buffer memory 150 holds one or more frames of data in an easilyaccessible format. In FIG. 1, video buffer 150 is shown holding multipleframes of data. For ease in understanding the present invention, theframe of data is shown in a simplified manner containing only 48 pixels.The buffer 130 is shown with six rows of pixels (rows a-f), with eachrow containing eight columns (1-8). The upper left pixel is identifiedas pixel a1, and the lower right pixel is identified as pixel f8. Thevideo buffer 150 is accessible from components outside the image sensormodule 120 on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Typically, the buffer is designedto be read row-by-row, with row ‘a’ being first read from column 1 to 8,and then row ‘b’, and so on.

Most sensor modules 120 utilize a rectangular array of pixels in theimage sensor 130. In the simplified example of FIG. 1, the array is sixrows tall and eight columns wide. Because the image sensor 130 is notsquare, images taken by the image sensor 130 can be considered to be inlandscape mode (the picture is wider than it is tall) or portrait mode(the picture is taller than it is wide).

In still cameras, it is important to identify the orientation of thecamera so that a flag can be stored along with the image data indicatingwhether the stored image is in a portrait or landscape configuration. Todetermine this orientation, most still cameras today utilize one or moreposition or orientation sensors 160. These sensors 160 can take the formof accelerometers or gyroscopic sensors, and are designed to detect andreport the orientation of the video capture device 100 when an image isrecorded. One accelerometer that could be used to provide thefunctionality is model number LIS331DLH, a 3-axis smart motion sensorfrom STMicroelectronics (Geneva, Switzerland). An example gyroscopicsensor would be a microelectromechanical system (or “MEMS”) gyroscopesuch as the L3G4200DH digital gyroscope also sold by STMicroelectronics.The combination of a 3-axis accelerometer and gyroscope would allow thecamera device 100 to have more detailed knowledge of its currentposition than either sensor acting alone. For ease in description, theone or more accelerometer or gyroscopic sensors used in the videocapture device 100 will be referred to collectively as the orientationsensor 160. In addition, one skilled in the art would appreciate thatimprovements made to art of orientation sensors could be applied to thedevice 100.

Setting an orientation flag in the meta data associated with a stillimage is sufficient for a camera to successfully distinguish between aportrait and a landscape photograph. The image is stored in a knowndigital image format, such as JPG, GIFF, or a proprietary “RAW” formatalong with the orientation flag. There is no need to actually rotate theimage before creating and storing the digital image format file, as itis a simple matter to rotate the image according to the orientation flagwhenever the image is displayed from the digital image format file.Display devices, printers, and image viewing and editing software allrecognize the orientation flag in still image files, and handle thefiles appropriately.

Unfortunately, the use of an orientation flag is not an effectivesolution in video image capture devices 100. There is no universallyaccepted flag convention to indicate when a video image file wascaptured in landscape or portrait mode by the image sensor 130. Even ifthere were, the process rotating a video file on the fly is a much moreprocessor intensive task than rotating a still image file. The decodingof a compressed video file, such as an AVC or H.264 file, is itself adifficult task for most processors, and the additional burden ofrotating a video file on demand according to an orientation flag wouldbe difficult or impossible for most present day devices.

To overcome this difficulty, the video capture device 100 shown in FIG.1 uses input from the orientation sensor 160 to rotate the image databefore the data is stored in the compressed video file. In theembodiment shown in FIG. 1, this is accomplished using a secondtransform buffer 200. The transform buffer 200 includes a transformationcircuit 210 that accepts input from the orientation sensor 160 and, whenappropriate, rotates the pixel-based frame data stored in the videobuffer 150. The rotated frame data is then provided by thetransformation circuit 210 to a secondary buffer 220 that stores therotated data.

In the preferred embodiment, the transformation circuit 210 will rotatethe image clockwise 90, 180, or 270 degrees, or will not rotate theimage at all. The selection between these four options is based upon theorientation of the device 100 as communicated by the sensor 160. Theorientation sensor 160 may provide detailed information about theorientation of the video capture device 100, including individualreadings from a 3-axis accelerometer and/or a gyroscope. Thetransformation logic 210 can interpret these inputs to determine thecorrect option for the image based on the device's current orientation.Alternatively, the orientation sensor 160 may merely indicate to thetransformation circuit 210 which of the four options to perform.

If no transformation is required, the transformation circuit 210 merelypasses the pixel data from the video buffer 150 to the secondary buffer220. If transformation is required, the transformation circuit 210 willread the data from the video buffer in a normal fashion, but will storethe data in the secondary buffer as necessary to perform the rotation.In FIG. 1, the data in the secondary buffer 220 is shown rotated 270degrees clockwise (or 90 degrees counter-clockwise). If the data is readfrom the video buffer 150 left-to-right from top to bottom, the firstset of data read will be pixels a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7, and a8. Torotate this data 270 degrees, the data will be input into the secondarybuffer bottom-to-top from left to right as is shown in FIG. 1. A90-degree clockwise rotation would require placing the data in thesecondary buffer top-to-bottom from right to left. Finally, a 180-degreerotation would require inserting the data in the secondary bufferright-to-left from bottom to top.

The implementation of these different rotation possibilities isperformed by the transformation circuit 210. This circuit could includeprogramming instructions stored in tangible, non-transitory, memorydevices such as flash memory or ROMS. The instructions may be executeddirectly from the non-transitory memory, or may be first loaded into RAMfor faster processing. The transformation circuit 210 may also include ageneral purpose CPU, such as those provided by Intel Corporation (SantaClara, Calif.), Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (Sunnyvale, Calif.), or ARMHoldings (Cambridge, England). These general purpose CPUs can implementa variety of programming instructions including the rotation processesdescribed above. The actual memory and processor logic can appear on thesame silicon chip or the same physical processor board as the secondarybuffer 220. It is also possible to implement the transformationcircuitry 210 on a general purpose processor that operates for thebenefit of the entire video capture device 100. This processor couldperform a variety of functions for the device 100 in addition to thetransformation process 210. In yet another embodiment, the processor andinstructions that form the transformation circuitry 210 could becombined in the form of a programmable logic device specially programmedto perform the rotational functions described above. In this context,programmable logic devices include devices that are programmed aftermanufacture, such as field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and devicesthat are programmed as part of their manufacture, such asapplication-specific integrated circuit (ASICs) and systems-on-a-chip(SoCs). In some cases, the transformation circuit 210 and the secondarybuffer 230 can be implemented on the same programmable logic device.

Once the data has been transformed into the secondary buffer 220, it ispossible to compress and convert the data into a video data file. Thisprocess is typically performed by a digital signal processor or DSP chip170. There are various algorithms or codecs for creating a video datafile that might be used by the DSP 170. Some of the more popular codecsinclude MPEG-2 video, MPEG-4 video, H.264/AVC, Windows Media Video, andvariations thereto. The majority of codecs compress the videoinformation by comparing multiple frames of data and removingduplicative information that remains consistent between the frames.Consequently, the DSP 170 will generally analyze multiple frames of datasimultaneously. In order to perform such analysis as efficiently aspossible, the DSP 170 might contain its own memory or buffer to storeframes or partial frames of data. As the use of such memory toefficiently perform various codecs is outside the scope of thisdisclosure, FIG. 1 does not shown any additional buffer or memory withinDSP 170. Regardless of whether it contains internal memory, the DSP 170takes the image data as it appears on an external buffer (such assecondary buffer 220), applies its particular codec to this data stream,and creates a video data file 180. This video data file 180 is thenstored in a removable, non-transitory memory such as flash memory 190.

The DSP 170 is designed to read a frame of data from a video buffer in aknown, predictable way. For example, the DSP 170 may read buffer dataleft-to-right from top to bottom. By interposing the transform buffer200 between the video buffer 150 of the sensor module 120 and the DSPchip 170, it is possible to use standard, off the shelf components forthe sensor module 120 and DSP 170. Neither device need be aware of thetransformation that occurs within the transform buffer 200. In this way,updates and improvements made to sensor modules 120 and DSPs 170 made bythird-party manufacturers may be easily incorporated into the videocapture device 100 without the need to remanufacture the transformationcapabilities of the device 100 to conform to the new devices.

Of course, it would be possible to redesign the sensor module 120 or DSP170 to implement the pre-compression rotation of a video file withoutthe need for a secondary or transform buffer 200. This possibility isshown in the second video capture device embodiment 300 shown in FIG. 2.As was the case with device 100, this second video camera 300 receiveslight from a lens 310 at an image sensor 330 of a sensor module 320. Aconverter 340 transforms the electrical signals received from the imagesensor 330 to pixilated, digital data that is stored in the video buffer350 of the sensor module 320. In this case, however, the sensor module320 has a rotational transformation circuit 400 as opposed to locatingthe transformation logic on the transformation buffer 200. As was thecase with circuitry 210, the transformation circuitry 400 receives inputfrom an orientation sensor 360 to determine whether any rotation of theimage in the video buffer 350 is necessary in light of the orientationof the video capture device 300. As was the case with DSP 170, the DSP370 in FIG. 2 can be a standard digital signal processor that is unawareof any rotation accomplished on the data it receives as input.

If the orientation sensor 360 indicates that no rotation is necessary,the transformation circuitry 400 simply passes the data in the videobuffer 350 of the sensor module 320 to the DSP. If rotation is desired,however, the transformation circuitry 400 must transform the data in thevideo buffer 350 before transmitting the data to the DSP 370. It ispossible to implement the sensor module 320 with a secondary buffer likethe buffer 220 shown in FIG. 1. If this is accomplished, thetransformation circuitry 400 can behave in the same way as circuitry210—reading the pixel data from the video buffer 350 in standard fashionand reordering the data as necessary for rotation when saving the datainto the secondary buffer. The DSP would then read the data from thesecondary buffer directly.

However, since the sensor module 320 is specially designed to includethe transformation functionality, it is possible to avoid the two-bufferimplementation of FIG. 1. Removing the need for the additional bufferwill speed up the process of saving the video data in the flash memorydevice 390 and decrease the cost of the video capture device 100.Because there is no secondary buffer in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2,the transformation circuitry 400 must accept requests for particulardata from the DSP 370, and then read data from video buffer 350 in theorder necessary to perform the transformation. For example, theorientation sensor 360 may indicate that a 270-degree clockwise rotationis required. To perform this rotation, the transformation circuitry 400must read from the video buffer 350 top-to-bottom from right to left.Assuming the DSP 370 requests the top row of the video buffer 350, itwould be expecting to receive the following pixels: a1, a, a3, a4, a5,a6, a7, a8. The transformation circuitry will receive the request forthe top row, but instead will read top-to-bottom from right to left, andrespond with a8, b8, c8, d8, e8, and f8. The DSP 370 will receive thisdata as normal pixel data, and will implement its codec to store thevideo data file 380 on flash memory 390. This may involve temporarystorage of some pixel data within the DSP 370 in order to perform thecodec, as described above. The resulting file 380 that emerges from theDSP 370 will have the frame data rotated 270 degrees clockwise, as shownin FIG. 2.

The transformation circuit 400 could also be implemented on the chipcontaining the digital signal processor 370 (not shown in FIG. 2). Onceagain, this embodiment would locate the transformation circuit betweenthe video buffer 350 and the primary processing circuitry of the DSP370. As described above, this transformation circuitry can eithercontain a secondary buffer, or be able to selectively access individualpixels on the video buffer 350 as desired by the DSP 370.

One of the benefits of rotating frame data prior to encoding by a DSP isthat it is possible to rotate the image within the middle of an storeddigital video file. Returning to FIG. 1, the transformation circuitry210 will determine how the image data will be rotated according to inputfrom the orientation sensor 160. When a video recording begins, thetransformation buffer 200 will ensure that the data being fed to the DSP170 is rotated as necessary, thereby ensuring that the video file isrecorded in the flash memory 190 right-side-up. During the recording,the video capture device 100 could be rotated by the user. When thisoccurs, the orientation sensor 160 will detect this rotation andinstruct the transformation buffer 200 to rotate the image data. In somecircumstances, the transformation buffer 200 will ignore thisorientation change until the current video recording is complete. Onereason this might be ignored is that many video codecs cannot seamlesslymove between different resolutions within a single video file. A videofile that begins in landscape mode (wider than it is tall) cannot easilytransition to portrait mode (taller than wide). In some cases, it ispossible to create a multiple bitstream (MBS) file or segment videofiles into different partitions. However, video files with theseelements frequently cause trouble with video display and editingsoftware.

A different solution is implemented in digital video file 500 shown inFIG. 3 as it would be stored on a non-transitory memory device such as aflash memory card. In this embodiment, a landscape image is convertedinto a square digital video image by adding padding to the top or bottomof the frame. The padding is shown in frame n 510 with an “x” placed ineach padding pixel. The padding data is generally a solid color such asblack or gray, which creates the well-known bars at the top and bottomof the video.

Between the times that frame n 510 and frame n+1 520 were provided tothe digital signal processor 170, the orientation sensor 160 indicatedthat the orientation of the video capture device 100 has changed. Thetransformation circuitry 210 rotated frame n+1 520 in the secondarybuffer 220 and fed the frame to the DSP 170. Because the frame data isbeing presented as a square image frame, it is not necessary to changethe image size of the data presented to the DSP 170. Consequently, theDSP 170 simply accepts frame n+1 520 as the next frame in the videostream, and records its as such in the video file 500. Note that it isnot necessary to segment the video file or change any of the encodingparameters, such as frame size, within the video file to implement thisvideo rotation in the middle of video file 500.

To prevent a video feed from frequently switching between differentrotations, it is preferred that the current rotation of the image databe implemented in a somewhat “sticky” fashion. For instance, if rotationwere to occur as soon as a camera is rotated over 45 degrees from level,and then rotates back immediately when the camera is rotated less than45 degrees from level, a camera held at approximately 45 degrees wouldalternate between the two different orientations repeatedly. This wouldcause the resulting video file to be effectively unusable. This resultcould be avoided in multiple ways. For instance, a rotation fromlandscape to portrait might require that the camera be tilted at least50 degrees from level, while a rotation from portrait to landscape couldrequire that the camera be tilted less than 40 degrees from level. Whenthe camera is held between 40 and 50 degrees from level, the camerawould remain in its previous orientation. Alternatively, once the imagefile has been rotated, the camera could prevent returning to a previousorientation for a short time period, such as one second. This timeperiod could also be implemented as a requirement for the originalrotation as well—meaning that the image will never rotate to a newposition unless that new position is held for some minimum time period.

FIG. 4 shows a flow chart 600 showing one method for implementing thefirst embodiment of the present invention with the video capture device100 shown in FIG. 1. The flow chart starts by reading data from thevideo buffer 150 on the sensor module 120 at step 610. At step 620, datafrom the orientation sensor 160 is read to determine the currentorientation of the device 100. Step 630 determines if the currentorientation of the device 100 requires that the video signal be rotated.As explained above, the device 100 may implement various safeguards toprevent frequent or inadvertent rotation, such as minimum time periodsor excessive rotation angles. These safeguards would be implemented aspart of step 630. In addition, the device 100 may be set to prevent anyrotation in the middle of a single video file 180.

If rotation is required, step 640 applies the appropriate rotation tothe current frame and stores this frame in secondary buffer 220. If norotation is needed, step 650 stored the frame data un-rotated in thesecondary buffer 220. The digital signal processor 170 then reads thedata from the secondary buffer 220 in step 660. The DSP 170 then appliesits codec to create a digital video file, and stores the file 180 inremovable, non-transient memory 190 at step 670. The process ends atstep 680.

If the implementation described in connection with FIG. 2 isimplemented, there will be no secondary buffer. In theseimplementations, step 630 will still determine whether the cameraorientation requires rotation. If no rotation is required, thetransformation circuit will simply provide the data from the videobuffer to the DSP in the order expected by the DSP. If rotation isrequired, the transformation circuit will need to read the data from thevideo buffer in a different order than that expected by the DSP, therebyachieving rotation by altering the read order of the video buffer.

The many features and advantages of the invention are apparent from theabove description. Numerous modifications and variations will readilyoccur to those skilled in the art. Since such modifications arepossible, the invention is not to be limited to the exact constructionand operation illustrated and described. Rather, the present inventionshould be limited only by the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A video capture device comprising: a) a firstsilicon chip having an image sensor that converts an optical image intoa raw electronic image; b) a video buffer that stores the rawelectronic, the raw electronic image being unprocessed by a video codec,the video buffer storing the raw electronic image in a matrix with rowsand columns; c) a second silicon chip separate from the first siliconchip, the second silicon chip having a digital signal processor thatconverts input image data to a video data file according to the videocodec; d) a non-transient memory device that stores the video data filecreated by the digital signal processor; e) an orientation sensor thatprovides an orientation signal reflecting an orientation of the videocapture device; and f) a third silicon chip separate from the first andsecond silicon chips, the third silicon chip having transformationcircuitry that receives the orientation signal and rotates the rawelectronic image in the video buffer accordingly, wherein thetransformation circuitry provides the rotated electronic image to thedigital signal processor as the input image data, further wherein thetransformation circuitry rotates the raw electronic image by one of 90,180, or 270 degrees by altering a read order of the rows and columns asthe raw electronic image is read from the video buffer.
 2. The videocapture device of claim 1, wherein the orientation sensor comprises asensor selected from the set of an accelerometer and a gyroscope.
 3. Thevideo capture device of claim 1, wherein the transformation circuitryincludes programming instructions stored on a memory device and aprocessor for implementing those instructions.
 4. The video capturedevice of claim 1, wherein the transformation circuitry comprises aprogrammable logic device programmed to implement transformation logic.5. The video capture device of claim 1, wherein the transformationcircuitry stores the rotated electronic image on a secondary bufferexternal to the digital signal processor, further wherein the rotatedelectronic image is read from the secondary buffer by the digital signalprocessor.
 6. The video capture device of claim 5, wherein thetransformation circuitry and the secondary buffer form part of oneprogrammable logic device.
 7. The video capture device of claim 1,wherein the image sensor and video buffer are located on a sensormodule.
 8. A method for operating a video capture device comprising: a)using an image sensor, converting a sequence of optical images into asequence of frames, each such frame containing a raw electronic image;b) without processing the sequence of frames by a video codec, storingthe sequence of frames on a first buffer, the first buffer representingeach frame in the sequence of frames as a matrix with rows and columns;c) using an orientation sensor, based on a first orientation and asecond orientation of the video capture device, creating a firstorientation signal, applicable to a first subsequence of the sequence offrames, and a second orientation signal, applicable to a secondsubsequence of the sequence of frames; d) in accordance with the firstorientation signal, rotating a frame from the first subsequence by afirst angle of 90, 180, or 270 degrees clockwise by altering a readorder of the rows and columns of the frame from the first subsequence asthe frame from the first subsequence is read from the first buffer, andpadding the rotated frame by adding padding pixel data to create a firstsquare electronic image; e) in accordance with the second orientationsignal, rotating a frame from the second subsequence by a second angleof 90, 180, or 270 degrees clockwise by altering the read order of therows and columns of the frame from the second subsequence as the framefrom the second subsequence is read from the first buffer, and paddingthe rotated frame by adding padding pixel data to create a second squareelectronic image, wherein the second angle is distinct from the firstangle; f) transferring the first and second square electronic images toa digital signal processor that creates a single video image file byapplying a video codec to a sequence of square electronic images thatincludes the first and second square electronic images; and g) storingthe video image file on a non-transitory memory device.
 9. The method ofclaim 8, further comprising: h) storing the first and second squareelectronic images on a second buffer before transferring the first andsecond square electronic images to the digital signal processor.
 10. Themethod of claim 8, wherein the video codec is selected from at least oneof MPEG-2 video, MPEG-4 video, AVC/H.264, and Windows Media.
 11. Themethod of claim 8, wherein the step of rotating the first frame furthercomprises: upon determining that a rotation angle for the video capturedevice exceeds a first predefined angle for more than a predefined timeperiod, rotating the first frame 90 degrees clockwise.
 12. The method ofclaim 8, wherein the step of rotating the first frame further comprises:i) upon determining that a rotation angle for the video capture deviceexceeds a first predefined angle, rotating the first frame from anon-rotated orientation to an orientation that is rotated 90 degreesclockwise.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the step of rotating thefirst frame further comprises: ii) upon determining that the rotationangle is less than a second predefined angle, rotating the first framefrom the orientation that is rotated 90 degrees clockwise to thenon-rotated orientation.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein no rotationis allowed within a predetermined time period of at least one secondafter a previous rotation.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the firstpredefined angle is greater than 45 degrees clockwise and the secondpredefined angle is less than 45 degrees clockwise.
 16. The method ofclaim 8, wherein rotating the frame from the first subsequence furthercomprises the following steps: i) receiving a request for image datafrom a digital signal processor, the digital signal processor expectingdata to be transmitted in a first order; ii) analyzing the firstorientation signal to determine a degree of rotation; iii) deliveringthe frame from the first subsequence to the digital signal processor ina second order different from the first order for the purpose ofimplementing the degree of rotation.
 17. A method for operating a videocapture device comprising: a) converting an optical image to a rawelectronic image using an image sensor; b) storing the raw electronicimage on a first buffer without processing the raw electronic image by avideo codec, the first buffer storing the raw electronic image in amatrix with rows and columns; c) using an orientation sensor to createan orientation signal based on an orientation of the video capturedevice; d) rotating the electronic image stored on the first buffer inaccordance with the orientation signal by one of 90, 180, or 270 degreesby altering a read order of the rows and columns as the raw electronicimage is read from the first buffer, wherein this step furthercomprises: i) determining a rotation angle for the video capture device,ii) when the rotation angle exceeds a first predefined angle, rotatingthe raw electronic image from a non-rotated orientation to anorientation that is rotated 90 degrees clockwise, and iii) when therotation angle is less than a second predefined angle, rotating the rawelectronic image from the orientation that is rotated 90 degreesclockwise to the non-rotated orientation; wherein the first predefinedangle is greater than 45 degrees clockwise and the second predefinedangle is less than 45 degrees clockwise; e) converting the rotatedelectronic image to a video image file based on a video codec; and f)storing the video image file on a non-transitory memory device; whereinthe step of converting the optical image to the raw electronic image isperformed on a first silicon chip, which contains the first buffer; therotating step is performed by a second silicon chip, which contains thesecond buffer; and the step of converting the rotated electronic imageis performed by a third silicon chip, which contains the non-transitorymemory device.
 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising: g)storing the rotated electronic image in a second buffer.